CRASH(8) FreeBSD System Manager's Manual CRASH(8)
NAME
crash - FreeBSD system failures
DESCRIPTION
This section explains a bit about system crashes and (very briefly) how
to analyze crash dumps.
When the system crashes voluntarily it prints a message of the form
panic: why i gave up the ghost
on the console, and if dumps have been enabled (see dumpon(8)), takes a
dump on a mass storage peripheral, and then invokes an automatic reboot
procedure as described in reboot(8). Unless some unexpected
inconsistency is encountered in the state of the file systems due to
hardware or software failure, the system will then resume multi-user
operations.
The system has a large number of internal consistency checks; if one of
these fails, then it will panic with a very short message indicating
which one failed. In many instances, this will be the name of the
routine which detected the error, or a two-word description of the
inconsistency. A full understanding of most panic messages requires
perusal of the source code for the system.
The most common cause of system failures is hardware failure, which can
reflect itself in different ways. Here are the messages which are most
likely, with some hints as to causes. Left unstated in all cases is the
possibility that hardware or software error produced the message in some
unexpected way.
Mounting from <device> failed with error <err> The system was unable to
mount the configured root filesystem. Either the root filesystem has
been corrupted, or the system is attempting to use the wrong device as
root filesystem.
This is not a panic message; rather it is followed by an interactive
mountroot> prompt where the operator can list detected devices and
filesystems, and select an alternative root filesystem to mount.
Alternatively, the system can be booted from recovery media to repair the
situation. The system install media provides a live environment which is
suitable for this task.
init: not found This is not a panic message, as reboots are likely to be
futile. Late in the bootstrap procedure, the system was unable to locate
and execute the initialization process, init(8). The root file system is
incorrect or has been corrupted, or the mode or type of /sbin/init
forbids execution or is totally missing.
ffs_realloccg: bad optim
ffs_valloc: dup alloc
ffs_alloccgblk: cyl groups corrupted
ffs_alloccg: map corrupted
blkfree: freeing free block
blkfree: freeing free frag
ifree: freeing free inode These panic messages are among those that may
be produced when file system inconsistencies are detected. The problem
generally results from a failure to repair damaged file systems after a
crash, hardware failures, or other condition that should not normally
occur. A file system check will normally correct the problem.
init died (signal #, exit #) The system initialization process has
exited with the specified signal number and exit code. This is bad news,
as no new users will then be able to log in. Rebooting is the only fix,
so the system just does it right away.
That completes the list of panic types you are likely to see.
If the system has been configured to take crash dumps (see dumpon(8)),
then when it crashes it will write (or at least attempt to write) an
image of memory into the back end of the dump device, usually the same as
the primary swap area. After the system is rebooted, the program
savecore(8) runs and preserves a copy of this core image and the current
system in a specified directory for later perusal. See savecore(8) for
details.
To analyze a dump you should begin by running kgdb(1) (ports/devel/gdb)
on the system load image and core dump. If the core image is the result
of a panic, the panic message is printed. For more details consult the
chapter on kernel debugging in the FreeBSD Developers' Handbook
(https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/developers-handbook/).
SEE ALSO
kgdb(1) (ports/devel/gdb), dumpon(8), reboot(8), savecore(8)
HISTORY
The crash manual page first appeared in FreeBSD 2.2.
FreeBSD 15.1-STABLE-HBSD July 25, 2025 CRASH(8)